Persistent Organic Pollutants and Food Allergy Essay

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds with cyclic, halogenated and are organic in nature characteristics that impart stability in their structures (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and O’Leary, 1995). Because of its structural stability, POPs withstand degradation while its organic nature makes its solubility high in lipid or organic solvent but low in water and in other inorganic solvents. Additionally, their semi-volatile nature allows them to exist in vapor or be deposited on atmospheric particulates. Food allergy is a result of the abnormal response of the body’s immune system to foods that may cause grave illness and even death (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). It is mistakenly associated with food intolerance which is a digestive problem and can not be attributed to food allergy. In addition, food intolerance is not caused by the action of the immune system rather by the lack of specific metabolic enzyme needed in the digestion of a particular food (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Individuals with familial allergy background are prone to food allergies and other allergic diseases like asthma. Meanwhile, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, lungs, throat, and skin are often sites of allergic reactions (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Persistent Organic Pollutants Organo-halogenated compounds such as toxaphene, chlordane, dieldrin, dibenzo-p-dioxins, DDT, dibenzo-p-furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs are known for their structural stability and environmental persistence, thus, bioaccumulation results as they continuously flow in the ecological food chain (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and O’Leary, 1995). As an example, PCBs resist degradation for several years and biomagnify by 70,000 folds. Since POPs are semi-volatile, they evaporate from warm regions and condense in geographical areas like mountain terrains and Polar Regions (California Breast Cancer Research Program, 2007). These properties permeated PCBs in worldwide places including Antarctic, arctic, and desert regions where chemical plants do not exist. Most POPs came from anthropogenic sources like industrial production and foliar applications of pesticides and insecticides while others such as dioxins and furans are just by-products of the manufacturing process, waste incineration, forest fires, and metallurgical processes (Environmental Literacy Council, 2008). As such, the presence of PCBs in far flung places is a manifestation of its worldwide-dispersal from several industrial sources. In fact, fifteen nanograms per cubic meter of PCBs’ concentration have been analyzed in the atmosphere of industrialized areas and different places over the world (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and O’Leary, 1995). Thus, the PCBs’ presence in rain and snow would not be a surprise. Exposure to POPs by means of food consumption, industrial occupation, and pollutants may lead to toxicity. POPs’ lipophilicity or high solubility in lipids in coupled with its structural stability and biomagnification in the food chain result to high risk of bioaccumulation and toxicity among living organisms. More than these, metabolic conversion of POPs into more persistent compounds is also possible. Researches conducted on this matter showed the correlations of PCBs’ ingestion with the dysfunction of endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, cancer, neurobehavioral disorders and some infant abnormalities (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and O’Leary, 1995). Moreover, exposure to POPs’ has been correlated with a decrease in the population of marine organisms like dolphins, whales, and fish species (Ritter, Solomon, Forget, Stemeroff, and O’Leary, 1995). Food Allergy Food allergens are proteins in foods that after digestion run through the bloodstream to specific body parts and triggers allergic reactions (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Allergic reactions may take place either at the specific cells or within the whole body (Jackson, 2003). The length of digestive process determines the possible time and location of the allergic reactions. If one is highly sensitive to substances present in food, by merely just chewing the food allergic reaction may start at the mouth. Most of the time stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea are observed after eating which indicate allergic reactions. After food digestion, food allergens flow through the bloods stream and may trigger blood pressure lowering. Nonetheless, reaching the skin, mouth, and lungs, may cause hives, itchiness, and even smothering (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Antibodies or immunoglobulins are protein substances secreted by B-lymphocytes to work against antigens or allergens (Jackson, 2003). Antigens are exuded by bacteria or other microorganisms which brings bodily infections. However, the extraneous production of antibodies may cause illness (Jackson, 2003). Meanwhile, potential antigens are also present in dust, pollens and foods. By means of direct contact, inhalation or consumption of these antigens, the body generates appropriate antibodies to combat their infectious effects (Jackson, 2003). The immune system has two consecutive actions leading to allergic reaction. During the digestion of foods, the immune system produces immunoglobulin-E (IgE), an antibody which is protein in nature (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Then, IgE adheres with basophils and mast cells located in blood and body tissues respectively. This food-specific antibody educes the cells to elicit chemicals like histamine which in turn produces allergy (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Mechanism of Allergic Reaction The production of allergens signals the action and circulation of IgE through the blood stream to bodily parts. The IgE molecule has a specific site for antigen binding and receptor-specific end for cell attachment. Then, the IgE attracts antigen as it binds on the surface of the cell (Jackson, 2003). As such, the cell is incited by the antigen to generate antibodies. The cell becomes sensitive to the subsequent attacks of the same antigens and autonomic response develops. Thus, as the cell detects the presence of the antigen, it educes biologically active and other proinflammatory substances like histamines and leukotrienes (Jackson, 2003). These substances trigger the inflammatory response of the cell resulting to an increased blood supply and other immune system components on the affected area that can be observed as itching and swelling (Jackson, 2003). Since mast cells and basophils are located in different body parts, immediate allergic reactions are often observed in some individuals who are highly sensitive with allergies. As a result of allergen absorption and wide circulation of chemical mediators, the body can be systematically engrossed with allergic reactions (Jackson, 2003). The intestine has defensive barriers that prevent the entry and contact of any antigens with the mast cells (Jackson, 2003). Also, the gut wall is covered with viscous mucus secreted by the lining cells. This mucus has protective substances acting as antiseptic coupled with the help of antibodies. Then, epithelial cells are located below the mucus membrane, which generate enzymes that can deactivate histamine and other bioactive substances (Jackson, 2003). Allergens that may infiltrate the layer of epithelial cells can be deactivated by antibodies without inflammatory response production. If the antigens were able to escape all these mechanisms, mast cells covered by IgE produce chemical mediators that in turn cause inflammatory response (Jackson, 2003). Conclusion The genetic predisposition causes individuals with familial allergic history to become susceptible to allergic reactions as triggered by specific antibody or allergen. As a result, asthma, rhinitis, and even anaphylaxis can be observed wit these individuals (Jackson, 2003). This inborn allergic tendency is called atopy, thus, individuals in this condition are tagged as atopic. On the other hand, contemporary theory on the nature of allergy suggested that the prevalence of allergy-related cases nowadays can be attributed to the modern life style (Jackson, 2003). For instance, drug treatment of a mother during pregnancy and infant’s medication may contribute to early acquisition of allergic tendency due to the body’s adverse reaction with drugs (Jackson, 2003). Also, the inhalation of bacteria or other microorganism through air pollutants and other atmospheric particulates that may include persistent organic pollutants or POPs provoke the immune system to produce antibodies then, allergic reactions spontaneously occur.

Murders and Aggravated Assault

Aggravated assault and murder are some of the most heinous crimes that occur in our society today.   It is stated in the news that there are around 1-4 cases of murders and around 300 reported victims of aggravated assault in every 10,000 people per year. Moreover, the data still vary depending on the type of country’s progress. It follows that as the country is more developed, the crime rates are higher. Both the aggravated assault and murder involved more than one party of conflicting views which leads to infliction of harm over the other party. The crimes mentioned are considered to be the worst crimes in our society and the perpetuators are subjected to long time in prison depending on the place where the crime is committed. Different countries have different punishments for murder and aggravated assault. (Answer.com, 2006) Although the two crimes results to serious physical damage, they usually differ according to some factors. Aggravated assault takes place when an individual is provoked or pushed to do such act. Moreover, the situation or the defendant himself is the reason why the event took place. The use of a deadly weapon to attack an individual and causes a serious physical injury or even death to that individual is also a classification of aggravated assault not to mention it is also an element in murder. On the other hand, murder, also termed as killing, is associated with premeditation which means that there is an intension to harm or to kill in murder unlike in the aggravated assault. In this regard, the person who committed the crime planned and escaped from that act. Therefore, one can only be charged and accused by murder if s/he commits the elements actus reus and mens rea which are Latin for â€Å"guilty act† and â€Å"guilty mind†.   Therefore, murder differs with aggravated assault if there is the presence of malice or intension to harm the other individual.   (Investigation, 2004) References: Answer.com. (2006). murder.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 15, 2006, from http://www.answers.com/topic/murder Investigation, D. o. J. F. B. o. (2004). Aggravated assault. from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/aggravated_assault.html   

Being a Change Agent

This paper will outline the concept of change agent. It will give us a brief description of what a change agent is. It will discuss the concept in detail further. In the first few pages, we discuss what basically a change agent is and what are the theories and concepts behind it. Later on, we discuss change agents with reference to the procurement process. The role that change agents play in the business environment has become very important in the past few years. Companies adopt and adapt to change often and to help them initiate the process and implement it completely we have change agents.Introduction A change agent is someone who can change an individual’s or organization’s ability and enable them to achieve higher levels of outcome and help them move up the needs hierarchy. (Stevenson, 2008) A change agent is, â€Å"a person who leads a change project or business-wide initiative by defining, researching, planning, building business support and carefully selecting volunteers to be part of a change team. Change Agents must have the conviction to state the facts based on data, even if the consequences are associated with unpleasantness. † (Six Sigma Dictionary, 2003)A change agent has to see the future and over look the present because if he starts to think of the present then he will not be able to bring about the changes that he wants. The vision leads the agent to act a certain way and perform certain activities and functions. Bringing about a change is not simple; it requires a lot of hard work. Hard work is not the only thing that can initiate and implement the change, the agent needs to be passionate about the change and believe in the vision. His passion will ultimately lead the others around him to be passionate and the change to be successful. (Stevenson, 2008)As we all know that motivation is one of the key factors for anything to be successful. Nobody else can motivate the change agent, he needs to motivate himself. He needs to be strong individual who can overlook the comments of others and be misunderstood and not appreciated and still do his job. Most important of all these things is that the change agent needs to be able to understand people and their needs. Without the people it is impossible for the change to be successful, the change agent should not forget them in the process of bringing about a change, because otherwise the change will be useless. (Stevenson, 2008)In today’s world change agents are a common phenomenon, businesses frequently have to redesign business operations to stay up-to-date and enhance their position in the business world by having a comparative advantage, the latest technology and business process. To enable this to happen in their company, the management hires change agents. The change agent analyzes the company and its operations and then develops a vision as to where he wants to see the company. Then he sees what the basic requirements for the change are, training for the employees, re-layering for the organization, new system, investment and many other things. (Hugos, 2008)Once all this has been established, the change process starts, the time period can vary according to the type of change and the extent to which the change is taking place within the organization. During this time period, the change agent interacts with all the people and helps them adapt to the new system and overcome any problems that they might be facing. Once the system has been implemented, the change agent also judges the successful rate of the change. If there has been a productivity increase and a generally better environment than the change has been successful otherwise another theory or method may have to be used for the change.(Hugos, 2008) People resist change, they do not like it when outsiders come and change something in their territory. They feel uncomfortable as the environment changes because they had become used to the previous environment and even thoug h it had some shortcomings, it was their haven. That is why change agents are treated badly and are not liked by the employees of the organization because they think he will change their territory which will change the way things are done and maybe the layout of the office. The change agent will enter their comfort zone and distort it. (Hugos, 2008)The first thing that the change agent needs to do is to get to know the people around him and especially those that are involved in the change process. The agent needs to talk to them and see what they want. He needs to make sure that these employees are comfortable around him and understand the change process and are willing to support him. The best way to get to know the employees and get them to talk to you is to get down working with them. The second thing that the change agent needs to do is take the information he finds during this time very seriously. Things he will learn here are the basic reasons for the change.This information w ill help in developing the vision later. The third and last thing that will happen and will be consequence of the first two steps will be that the employees will start to trust the agent and will open up to him. (Hugos, 2008) Up till now we have talked about how change agents need to maintain a relationship with the target group. We will now discuss who the target groups are. The target groups are the people on which the change will be implemented. In these include, the employees whose attitude, feelings, beliefs, values, and perceptions might need to be changed.Then there are groups or organizations, whose size, composition, structure of authority, hierarchies, communication styles and channels, and many other things may need to be changed. Another category is the community, in which change might be needed within the inter-group relations that exist on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, class, religion etc. and finally there is the society as a whole. Change in the society will be on a very large scale, such as globalization, urbanization, modernization, a change in policies and international relations, the environment, agriculture, education and much more. (Hugos, 2008)The categories of change agents are the directors of a company, administrators, political parties or supporters, the financial backers, volunteers, employees, technical and professional people such as lawyers, sociologists, scientists etc. the types of change strategy that the change agent will adopt will depend on the situation and the type of change that is required, in some ways it will also depend on the relationship between the agent and the target of change. (Hugos, 2008) Change Strategies Then type of change that is needed and the way the change will be implemented is known as the change strategy.There are four strategies that a change agent can follow: empirical-rational strategies, normative/re-educative strategies, power/coercive strategies, and environmental-adaptive strategy. (U NCW, 2008) The empirical-rational strategy is used when the relationship between the target and the agent is unequal on some levels but on the other levels the inequality does not exist. This strategy is used so that the inequality can be reversed. The strategy is most effective when the targets of change are individuals and not groups and organizations.The aim of this strategy is to provide the targets with the information; it assumes that the targets are rational beings that can use this information to gain knowledge and make the best decision possible from the information that is available to them. (UNCW, 2008) The normative/re-educative strategy is used when the agent wants to convince the target. It is not a battle or a debate where the agent wants to defeat the target but the agent wants the target to understand his point of view and finally agree with him. In this strategy the target is brought face to face with the changed ideas and views.They are persuaded to adopt these ne w values and internalize them so that they become part of the group and are something that the group does unconsciously. To make people believe and accept these values, the emotional and the rational appeal are used. They can either be convinced with scientific facts and figured or can be convinced emotionally. The targets of such a strategy are organizations, groups and the communities. (UNCW, 2008) The third strategy is the power/coercive strategy. This strategy will only work when the target is dependent on the agent such as in the case of children.In this strategy there is the use of power, money and authority. The targets may be bribed to follow the change or otherwise face the consequences. The authority in this case may or may not be legitimate. The agents in this case want to be ahead of the target and want to defeat them. It can also be that the agents may be oppressed by the target and will eventually revolt against the target, there have been such cases in history but the y have been on a very large scale, for example; the French Revolution. (UNCW, 2008) The fourth strategy of change is the environmental-adaptive strategy.In this strategy the people are not immediately transferred into the new environment, it is a gradual process. The new organization is created and the employees are made to go through a transition phase. In this the targets will be upset with the change but will quickly adapt to the new environment. (Nickols, 2006) The Change Process The way the change is brought about or the processes that the change is brought about in are known as the change process and there are a few methods for doing this. Each will be discussed individually in the following paragraphs. The basic process of change is the unfreezing, changing and refreezing process.The things that need to be changed will be unlearnt by the employees; they will then learn the new way of doing things or can come up with their own way of doing the job. The best method will then be learned by all the employees. The method will then be refrozen, by learning it. Another process of change is by solving a problem and finding a problem. The thing that needs to be changed is referred to as the problem. The change agent needs to move the target from the state of problem to the solved state. This has to be done in an orderly and disciplined fashion. When this is achieved the problem is solved.This is basically known as the planned change model. (Nickols, 2006) When the change agent is trying to solve the problem he is basically looking for the solution thus, the problem solving part comes when a course of action is looked for to solve the problem. The problem finding part is when the action or thing that needs changing is being found. In this the change agent is finding the thing that is causing the problem and that which will eventually need to be changed. Thus, the problem is first found and then solved in a systematic manner. Some questions need to be answered abo ut the problem.The first thing that needs to be understood is that how the problem has occurred so that such situations can be avoided in the future. (Nickols, 2006) Another thing that needs to be analyzed is that what has caused the problem, so that that can also be solved. The problem has occurred because of a reason and that reason needs to be found and analyzed. There must be something that is lacking in the current situation, and to solve the problem the change agent needs to know these things so that in the solved situation these things are not present. (Nickols, 2006) ConclusionA change agent does not require a specialized set of skills, there is no professional degree needed to be a change agent. There are only a few things that an individual needs to be aware of and know how to manipulate. He needs to be aware of the people around him, but this he needs to limit. If he becomes too aware it can hinder his job or if he completely not aware then he will not be able to implemen t the change successfully. A change agent needs to know what the situation is and after careful analysis he should be able to solve it in his mind before actually solving it in real life because otherwise it might just end up as a disaster.One thing we can conclude from the paper is that the process of forming a relationship with the target is of extreme importance and that without the support of the people involved the change agent cannot achieve his goal. The whole process of will be useless. References 1. Dennis Stevenson (2008). What is a Change Agent? Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://it. toolbox. com/blogs/original-thinking/what-is-a-change-agent-23764 2. Fred Nickols (2006). Change Management 101: A Primer, Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://home.att. net/~nickols/change. htm 3. Mike Hugos (2008). How to become a Change Agent, Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://www. cio. com/article/13091/How_to_Become_a_Change_Agent? page=3 4. Six Sigma Dictionary (2003). Change Agent , Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://www. isixsigma. com/dictionary/Change_Agent-393. htm 5. University of New Carolina Wilmington (2008). Social Change Strategies. Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://people. uncw. edu/pricej/teaching/socialchange/Social%20Change%20Strategies. htm

Marketing Phase I Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Phase I Paper - Essay Example Microsoft is currently set to market its new personal computer operating system entitled Windows Heraldâ„ ¢, a software system designed to improve user functionality as well as provide free Internet service for a period of one year under the Microsoft Internet brand. Windows Heraldâ„ ¢ will provide an entirely new operating platform including deleted document retrieval, something that no other operating system currently provides. This new product will allow users to retrieve documents and files which may have been deleted from the recycle bin by accident, giving the user better control over their computer systems. Competition is a major issue for Microsoft as there are a wide variety of competitors in the marketplace which develop and distribute various software and technology packages. Because of this high competition volume, Microsoft must utilize marketing tactics to ensure that their product is positioned better than that of their competitors (in the mind of the consumer) and ensure that potential customers understand what specific features and advantages will outperform competing software brands. The company must establish an appropriate pricing structure as well as ensure low-cost distribution (as a portion of the marketing mix) to save corporate dollars and ensure higher profitability. Marketing, when described as a set of processes to developing and communicating advantages for the delivery of value to customers, is extremely important for Microsoft to ensure that potential buyers recognize that Microsoft products are superior to competition. Because Microsoft maintains an advertising and marketing budget, the company must ensure that costs are monitored and their sales increase through the correct strategies for not only pricing, but specifically at which retailers their products will sell the most. Previous negative consumer word-of-mouth

Organisational Transformation in Practice ( Reflective writing) Assignment - 1

Organisational Transformation in Practice ( Reflective writing) - Assignment Example The opening focuses on reflections of the event of the negotiation activities within a virtual learning environment (Lewicki, Saunders, Minton, & Barry, 2003; McKeachie & Svinickie, 2011; Oxford Brooks University, 2009). It is argued that the negotiations course was successful in preparing the learner for further leadership roles (Brookfield, 1995; McKeachie & Svinickie, 2011). Further comments focus on the learner’s style of negotiation and reactions to others during the negotiation process (Antelo, Prilipko, & Sheridan-Pereira, 2010; Balez, 2008; Changingminds.org, 2011, Dunn, 1989, Hudson, 2002-03; Lewicki et al., 2003; Myers, 2009; Shockley-Zalabak, 2002; Shepard, 2010; Verderber, 1990). This report explores how success was achieved in the project, reflected upon, and based on that success, the literature, and personal insight from the reflection further recommendations are made. I sat down to review what I knew so far. My plant was responsible for manufacturing and assembling parts that were suffering from a high incidence of quality issues with massive rejection rates at the customer site. The quality issues had not been resolved and my quality inspectors had uncovered that the problems were, at least in part, due to another division’s parts that were supplied to my plant. I had gotten word that the other plant’s staff and their plant manager had refused to take responsibility. I thought the other plant manager was unfairly and inaccurately interpreting the term â€Å"95% level of quality approval†. The thought of my and my plant’s staff being unfairly blamed for a serious problem at the customer site infuriated me. I have a lot of pride in my work and the work of my staff and I do not take well to others insulting work that has been performed in good faith. I quickly made the assumption before negotiations even started that I w ould have an uphill

Leading Employees and Best Practices Manual for New Supervisors Essay

Leading Employees and Best Practices Manual for New Supervisors - Essay Example Moreover, I do my best to influence the outcomes of the events in my workplace through my almost perfect work. My almost perfect work makes me to have the magnetism to attract people in the workplace. I also enjoy consulting on the workplace concerning complex issues and problems, which faces the managers. However, I also enjoy planning, directing, and controlling the staff of a department to ensure the company obtains the highest profit margins. I also consult with business groups and companies to improve effectiveness. To achieve this, I deal with level upon level of bureaucratic red tapes and pressure to improve the performance. I wake up early in the morning before sunrise and continue into late night during my job. I also get concerned on how well others do their work. I am a self-starter and full of enthusiasms about everything I do. I strive to do the best, and get involved in all competitive activities including sports. I have won several awards for outstanding performances. I also ensure that before doing a certain task, I have completed the previous one. I have an inner drive, which motivates me to accomplish something that had never been done before. In doing this, I maintain a sense of purpose and direction which is larger than I am. I would enjoy being in a job that requires hard and fast decisions. I also prefer being free and independent at work and a high salary and job security. I firmly believe that those who take the most risks with their own savings should receive the greatest financial rewards. This characteristic enables me to believe that I am courageous, energetic, and optimistic. I am also good at appraising others in the work place and I give credit readily where it is due. Instead of arguing with people, I give a benefit of doubt although very rarely. To achieve this, I am mostly honest and ruthless if others play the devious rules (Rue & Byars, 2006, p.256). A Comprehensive Best Practices Manual for New Supervisors This manual will h elp guide the supervisors to attain the best practices in this company. It contains important parts that makeup good supervisory skills that will guide supervisors throughout their supervisory level. Several elements are contained in this manual as follows. Demonstrating Communication Skills This is very important to supervisors. The employees will respond well to supervisors that communicate well and are comfortable taking instructions from them. The two best approaches in communication will involve listening and speaking. During communication, the supervisor ought to listen more while the rest of the time will be used in speaking and directing. Listening helps the supervisors gain knowledge of the people that the supervisor is responsible. It also helps the supervisor gain an insight on the weakness of the employees, their skills, complaints, and the ideas. It also involves active listening, which allows the supervisor to comprehend what the speaker is saying, and helps solve the problems. The second element involved in communication is speaking. This constitutes of a small percentage. It involves giving instructions and solutions to employees’ problems. Determining effective orientation and training methods for employee training A vital key to training employees is to ensure that they have the required information to do the job before they start the job. It is important to ensure that the employees feel as if they are embarking on an

The future of the human evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The future of the human evolution - Essay Example In his book, Darwin of the eighties, sought to explain the evolution of man as a process of natural selection. Darwin proposes four components of natural selection. First, he argues that characters within a population exhibit variations in appearance and conduct. This may be in terms of height, skin color or even body size. Darwin also talks about heritable traits, which are passed on from parents to offspring as opposed to traits powered by environmental conditions. His third component concerns population growth, which at times leads to mortality in cases where the resources cannot support the high population. The fourth component is derived from the third, in which Darwin argues that individuals with desirable traits will always survive in such an environment and give rise the next generation. This is known as natural selection, in which individuals struggle to survive and nature favors the strong. Based on this theory, human beings then have a high chance of evolving, powered by t he advancement in technological innovations, which will enable them survive. Variations among individuals within a population are occasioned by genetic differences. Genes are the materials through which traits are inherited from parents to offspring. ... Not all mutations are detrimental: a mutation in the brain of the Australopithecus enabled him to develop a larger brain and evolve into a hominid. Technological knowhow, however, has been seen to interfere with natural selection. Today, medics have come up with medicine to prolong the lives of mutants, thus encouraging the survival of weaklings which ultimately affects future generations. This means that individuals with desirable traits might mate with mutants and bring forth changes in the human race. This will lead to evolution, which will be occasioned by mutation. Consequently, future generations of human beings might not be able to survive. This not withstanding, not all mutations are negative. Some mutations may be advantageous to the human race. This perception has led to medical practitioners trying to come up with genetically modified human beings known as clones. These clones are designed to have all the positive attributes of their original humans and thus be more suitab ly adapted to live on earth. Human migration might also affect future evolution in terms of gene flow, which is a process of interbreeding between different populations of a given species (Mayr pp.55). When a person migrates from his original place of birth to go to another country, he is bound to start a family with the local people. This leads to the emergence of a new breed of people carrying the genes of both parents. An example of this is the era of the trans-Atlantic trade in which, many able bodied African men were shipped off to the United States to work as slaves. They later married the local women and gave rise to the African Americans. The latter were seen to have inherited most of

Basic Flight Physiology (By Richard O. Reinhart) Essay - 1

Basic Flight Physiology (By Richard O. Reinhart) - Essay Example My mother is afraid of planes and says that in the plane she has claustrophobia. Like the person described by Richard Reinhart, she drinks coffee and smokes cigarettes in order to improve her state. But this is a mistake. Coffee increases mental stress, therefore in order to prevent the stress before the flight it is necessary to have a nice sleep, rest and nice diet (Reinhart, 1996). 2. The decision making process is very essential because it is closely connected with proper flight risk evaluation. Here I would like to analyze the situation that in which the pilot is to decide, if to make a very important flight in not corresponding weather. In order to avoid poor decision made in the state of stress or any other state, it is necessary to use risk-assessment model. The four elements of the suggested model will help to assess the situation and make right decision: All four elements should be accessed and combined to build the whole situation and make the proper decision. The application of an appropriate decision making model can help make a right decision in difficult situation. Poor decisions are the result of wrong situation assessment ((Reinhart, 1996). 3. Payne Stewart flight resulted in a mishap first of all because of poor aircraft maintenance that is the second element of the suggested model. Cabin pressure problems were not solved properly and the maintenance was postponed. This was done illegally and the pilots were not ready for the situation and did not wear oxygen masks on time (Reinhart, 1996). 4. The accident with JFK Jr. flight happened because of two reasons. First, Kennedy was the only pilot in the aircraft and did not access his own skills properly before risky flight. This is a first element of our model. Secondly, the weather was not appropriate for a night flight. The weather was foggy and Kennedy listened to the report, but still decided to make a night flight. It was a wrong decision made

Case study week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study week 6 - Essay Example On the other hand, IFAC focuses on upholding global business standards and corporate ethical behavior to satisfy universal stakeholders. As an important component of economic success and public or private investment, credibility, transparency, and competency are fundamental value in the accounting practice. Specifically, this is ideal for ensuring reliability, quality services, and moral behavior to promote the ethical standards of the occupation. In addition, the development of quality service through the observation of the moral standards attracts investors (Brewer,  2015). The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is mandated with proposing new regulations and invite the public to submit their opinion on how to make the accounting professional better and comply with the ethical standards. In executing their duties, regulatory bodies need to embrace transparency as a core value to enhance ethical behavior in accounting occupation. Public transparency in the regulatory practices is essential for standardizing ethical practices in accounting. There are uncountable regulatory agencies that exist in different international, national, regional, and local levels (Brewer,  2015). Due to the increase in global economies and the demand for accounting reports, ethical practices have become fundamental to the practice, fostering an intervention by agencies to manage and control the moral

Disagreement case study Essay Example for Free

Disagreement case study Essay Disagreement between practitioner, child and a young person Sometimes children can be rebellious if there passing thru difficult time in their life or some stage, however we must not go into any argument with any child. Some times it’s good to give child and ourselves a little extra time alone to think again. Settings behaviour policy must be followed so the child or a young person will not be confused and they will know every consequence of their actions. We could call a another person to be with us at the time of talk to prevent any accusations, we must inform the manager just in case parent needs to be involved and also to allow communication between colleagues in setting to be up to date. Being informative and reasoning may allow child to understand further our point of view and in some case that may help issue to resolve. We must be sensitive, show them with our body language, that we are listening their point of view without interrupting their talk. Show child a respect and treat them like the adults, ask for mediator if you think that will be better for both side. Disagreement between Practitioner and adults In any work we all will have disagreement some point in our work life. Most of these disagreements are results of miss communication. To resolve this disagreement and prevent it to escalate we need to talk about them as soon as possible, the longer we leave the problem lye, becomes more difficult to get it resolve. It’s important to follow settings policies to make sure everyone behaves in an appropriate manner. Sometimes clash personalities, or our other qualities can make other side hard to cooperate with, in that case it’s good to arrange a mediator who can be voice of the both side and can mediate to resolve the issue. It will beneficial to be informative all the time, so other side can understand fully about the issue and the outcome of any actions. Other person can have their own personal problems so it’s good to show some sensitivity to their needs and questions may prevent lot of disagreements. Always we need to report our manager what happened and we nee d to keep manager up to date, so we will have the support we need if the thinks gets out of hand or escalates.

Anthropogenic Factors Leading To Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Anthropogenic Factors Leading To Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay There is great uncertainty surrounding the science of global warming and climate change. The Earths history is full of abrupt climate changes [1]. The Intergovernmental panel on climate change at the Kyoto protocol determined in 2007 that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations [2]. Furthermore, based on the assumption that significant anthropogenic warming has taken place over the past 50 years over each continent except Antartica, it has been concluded that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and bilogical systems globally [3]. Climate change is occuring on all continents and in most oceans. Changes in the natural system since 1970 have been occuring where temperature increase has taken place. These changes cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. This implies that climate change is primarily attributable to anthropogenic factors. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conclude that the earth is warming and that humans are probably the cause. Technologies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for carbon sequestraion have been found to be essential as species extinction has been found to be related to climate warming [4]. German Biologist Josef Reichholf contradicts the conclusions of the IPCC stating that there have been much faster climate changes in the past and that these did not automatically lead to a global extinction of species [5]. However the IPCC found that climate change is primarily based on anthropogenic factors but with the help of technologies, the effects could be minimized. This essay will focus on four aspects of anthropogenic factors believed to be contributing to climate change. These will explore factors such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Some of the natural factors which may cause climate change will be described, such as the effects of volcanoes. Introduction: Climate change has become one of the major global issues of our times. The Earths climate is changing rapidly, due to a rise in the average temperature of the global which has a subsequent impact on a variety of geographical factors. These include rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, flooding of land, hotter days and colder nights, and heat waves. All these phenomena bear a threat to the Earth, its ecosystems and its inhabitants, most importantly the human race. Problems such as global food shortages, natural disasters and health risks are on the rise posing severe threat to millions of lives. The risk of floods, hurricanes and heavy rains leaves major chunks of population living in potential danger of becoming homeless at any time. Changing weathers render portions of land arid and foodless, creating food security threats. A growing population only aggravates the problem. The impact of climate change is thus extremely hazardous, and it becomes important to ide ntify the root of this problem. Climate change is a direct product of global warming. As heat from the sun reaches the Earth, some of it is absorbed by the surface and the atmosphere, and the rest is reflected back into space. However, due to global warming, more and more of this heat is being trapped into the Earths atmosphere, resulting in high temperatures. The Earths surface has warmed by more than 0.8 degree Celsius in the past century and almost by 0.6 degree Celsius in the 1970s-2000s [5]. Causes: The rise in temperature is attributable mainly to human activities which are termed anthropogenic factors. Global warming has increased over the years due to human activities of burning of fossil fuels which release harmful gases, deforestation and emission of chemicals. Other concerns are the use of gases such as Chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerators and aerosol sprays and the means of transport. Most of this damage has occurred after to the heavy industrialization over the past three centuries, from 1750 the time of industrial revolution. The impact was scientifically proven and presented by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in a series of reports. In 2007, the IPCC published its last assessment on the subject in which it asserted that human factors have in fact contributed widely to the resultant climate change. It is very likely that human factors are responsible for sea level rise, changing wind patterns, risk of heat waves and droughts. In fact, had it not been for the anthropogenic factors, the solar waves and volcanoes would more likely have cooled the Earth rather than warming.[6] The IPCC incorporates into its findings the concept of radiative forcing, a term which empirically measures the impact of each factor on the climate change. Radiative forcing is defined as How the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system is influenced when factors that affect climate are altered. The word radiative arises because these factors change the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation within the Earths atmosphere. This radiative balance controls the Earths surface temperature. The term forcing is used to indicate that Earths radiative balance is being pushed away from its normal state.[7] Thus, if a factor has a positive forcing, it means that it is contributing to an increase in overall temperature. Typically, carbon dioxide has a forcing measure of more than 1.5 watts per square meter, which is the largest forcing caused over this period. GHGs:Greenhouses gases have increased by about 70% ever since 1750, bearing direct relation with the problem of global warming.[8] These include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide. The emission of carbon dioxide gas has contributed 80% to the heating up of the Earths atmosphere.[9] Carbon dioxide is produced due to the burning of fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal. Humans burn fuel for cooking, for deforestation, for protection from the cold. The industrialization has led to the use of fossil fuel in industries, for running of machines, and in cars. In fact, the burning of fossil fuel contributes towards 80-85% of the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Methane is another gas being emitted in the process which all have served to increase the greenhouse effect. Methane is produced from the cultivation of rice, from the burning of coal and from cattle, It has increased by 145% due to human activity. These gases increase the concentration of particles in the atmosphere, which prevents heat from the sun to reflect back into the space. As a result, most of the incoming radiation becomes trapped in the atmosphere, heating up the Earths surface. Deforestation: Deforestation is another issue created by the needs of fossil fuel, agricultural land, food and space. In most developing countries, the basic need for fuel is satisfied by forest wood. Hence, forests are being burnt down by rural families on a daily basis. In addition, as agricultural land becomes less and less for the needs of growing population, people extend their space by clearing up the forests. However, the land beneath forests tends to be unproductive and devoid of natural chemicals of fertile lands. It serves as source of food for a few years, after which it becomes unfertile and useless, its nutrients get depleted, and exposure to heavy winds leave it deserted. Forest removal results in various problems such as destruction of natural ecosystems, wildlife extinction and aggravation of floods and natural hazards [10]. Forest removal not only contributes to warming due to increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, but also, it decreases the evapotranspiration efficiency, and decrease roughness of earth surface. Both of these factors contribute to warming of the Earth. Climate change as a natural phenomenon: There is another school of thought which repudiates the claims made by IPCC regarding the climate change. According to this school, anthropogenic factors cannot be held responsible for the overall climate change, which is infect a natural phenomenon. Kininmonth in his book Climate Change: A Natural Hazard provides an alternative explanation for climate change by saying that the IPCC in its global warming model ignores the regional variation in Earths climate. Earth is a sphere, and radiation from sun is absorbed differently by different portions. The tropics absorb more incoming heat, whereas outgoing radiation is far greater than incoming radiation at the poles. Hence, the Earth is not heating up as a whole due to the effect of radiation. Moreover, circulations of the ocean current and atmosphere help distribute this energy through Earth, leaving tropics cooler as well. The excess heat in the tropics is also absorbed by the enormous ocean laye r of the tropical oceans which serve as an energy reservoir. Therefore, the resulting climate change is not caused by the anthropogenic factors, rather it is a natural variation which Earths atmosphere is prone to. Kininmonth has argued that it is a flaw in the computer models of research that has led us to blame human activities as the causal factor.[11] Similarly, it is also asserted that deforestation actually leads to both negative and postive radiative forcing. If forests are replaced by grassland, it has a cooling effect which counters the heating effect discussed earlier. Thus, deforestation may or may not be a negative concern.[12] It has also been a finding that volcanic eruptions may be a natural factor contributing to climate change. Research models developed at the Max Planck Institute of Technology showed that while volcanoes have a cooling effect on global troposphere, they may lead to a clear winter warming pattern of surface air temperature over Northern Hemisphere continents.[13] Implications and Solutions: Yet, despite the debate on the real cause of climate change, it is evident that the change is in fact occurring and the threats it poses are very real. They have strong implications, and the future may be very tumultuous for many regions of the Earth.These particularly leave developing countries vulnerable to the problems of agriculture and population growth [14]. In order to cope, it is necessary to adapt ourselves to the situation. This does not only require measures to prevent global warming, such as banning CFCs but also to become less vulnerable to its impacts by eliminating factors that aggravate the situations. Some of such measures proposed include improving agricultural management, development of efficient irrigation systems, access to sanitation and health facilities for everyone, and development of buffer systems against floods and rising sea levels. Preventive measures include development of greener technology, environment-friendly means of tra nsportation and technology for efficient utilization and redistribution of energy [15]. Conclusion: In order to mitigate and solve the problems of global warming, it is essential to identify the realistic measures that can be taken. Given the current state and rate of industrialization in our globe, it ibis very difficult to curb the production of greenhouse gases and the process of deforestation. Population growth is another factor which needs to be plugged into the overall equation of sustainable growth. In addition, and more importantly, we should identify exactly where the problem lies, and if in fact some other factor aside of anthropogenic factors is responsible for climate change. Further research needs to be carried out to understand the natural causes of climate change, as promoted by the second school of thought. References: [1] Carey, J. Shapiro, S. (2004) Global Warming Business Week http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm. [2] Aldy, J.E. and Stabins, R.N. (2008) Climate Policy Architectures for the Post Kyoto World, 50, 7-17. [3] Rosenzweig et al (2008) Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change, Nature 453, 353-357 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7193/full/nature06937.html. [4] Thomas C. D. et al (2004) Extinction risk from climate change, Nature 427, 145-148 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6970/abs/nature02121.html. [5] Stampf, O. and Traufetter, G. (2007) German Biologist: Global Warming Is Good ForUS. http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/may2007/090507germanbiologist.htm. [5] Campbell-Lendrum D. et al. (2007) Global Climate Change: Implication For International Public Health Policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (BLT) [6] Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 104. [7] How do Human Activities Contribute to Climate Change and H ow do They Compare with Natural Influences? (2007) http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/climate/factsheets/howhuman.pdf [8] Meyer, M. D. (2010) Greenhouse Gas and Climate Change Assessment. Journal of the American Planning Association 76, 402-412. [9] Hamburg S. P. et al. (1997) Common Questions about Climate Change. United Nations Environment Program- World Metereological Organization. [10] Boyd D. The race to save   the worlds forests.http://www.fanweb.org/patrick-moore/dboyd.html [11] Kininmonth, William. (2004) Climate Change: A Natural Hazard. Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd. [12] Edouard, D. L.(2010) Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes. Journal of Climate 23, 97-112. [13] Wolfe J. Volcanoes and Climate Change. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Volcano/ [14] Mintzer, Irving M. (1993) Confronting climate change: risks, implications, and responses. Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. [15] Hardy, J. T. (2003) Climate Change: Effects, Causes and Solutions. John Wiley Sons Ltd.

Six Markets Model Of Relationship Marketing Marketing Essay

Six Markets Model Of Relationship Marketing Marketing Essay An Organization must exceed customer expectations in order to retain them and develop a healthy relationship with them. The methods and tactics involved to develop long term relationship with the customers in order to retain them is termed as Relationship Marketing. (http://www.learnmarketing.net/relationshipmarketing.htm) To attract and retain its customers the company must put into place some tactics and methods which may include promoting the product and brand, offering good quality product/services at competitive prices. At the same time its very difficult to keep the customers 100% satisfied reasons could be any as needs and wants of the customers change. So its a good practice to keep monitoring them in a number of ways. Internal Markets: The process of bringing support for a company and its activities within its own employees, in order to encourage them to promote its goals is defined as Internal Market. Internal Marketing did not play a vital role in traditional marketing but relational marketing sees the importance and treats the employees as an enabler to enhance external market place performance. If internal market is neglected external market would collapse. Its always the employees who create the trust and build the relationship with the customers. Therefore the firm must meet the needs of the employees are the basis to meet the customer needs. Customer MarketsSupplier Markets: Establishing long term relations with suppliers is a departure from traditional supplier positions. This development means that suppliers are seen as collaborators or partners in improving quality and managing costs.Relationships with suppliers is the main focus in recent years in relationship marketing. In traditional marketing the suppliers were unable to invest in the new plants and technologies which allowed them to deliver better products and services, faster and more cheaply. In relationship marketing manufacturers choose to build less exploitative relationships with fewer suppliers creating integrated and relatively stable supply chains thus allowing quality and flexibility in the system with low costs. Recruitment Markets: Recruitment marketing is the vital area for any organization to conduct strategic and effective partnerships with intermediaries in order to expose the company and capture the best trained and experienced workforce. Getting and retaining best people to work in the profession to build sustainability with the customers. Referral Markets: Developing relationships in referral markets means to link up with those people or institutions that have the power to direct business to the company. Key existing customers are often referral sources, and so are intermediaries, third party buyers, agencies and business networks. This is often the most effective part of an overall marketing plan and the best use of resources. (http://www.economicexpert.com/3a/Relationship:marketing.htm) Influence Markets: Influence markets are important to an organization in terms of relationship marketing as members of this market include bodies that directly impact on the organization. They involve sub markets like government regulators, stockholders, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. Developing relationships in referral markets means to link up with those people or institutions that have the power to direct business to the company. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department. Customer Markets: The goal of customer markets is to get the customers and retain them. Sustained growth in business usually depends upon the same customer coming back again and again. Existing relationships with customers cost less to sustain than new ones. Traditional marketing: Marketing is the process to identify and retain the customer i.e. to know what products or services are of interest to the customer. In order to stay profitable companies should shift focus from production and build strong customer relationships. These factors are considered as the cutting edge over its competitors. Traditional marketing is a marketing mix with Four Ps. They refer to the four factors that a marketer has to consider comprising of Product, Price, Promotion and Placement. The first is the Product its production and management; second is the price; and the third is its promotion with advertising and branding etc finally the fourth is the placement or the distribution of the product. Before launching any product these four elements are to be well planned by any organization. (http://ezinearticles.com/?Overview-of-Traditional-marketingid=374128 ). Limitations of Traditional Marketing: Traditional marketing is company focused and product based with the intension to increase the visibility of the company and its brand. Its a failure since brand recall is very minimal as customer is exposed to many brands. The company becomes the active participant while the customer becomes inactive. Traditional marketing uses USP (Unique selling proposition) which is exclusive to a particular product from a particular brand. In todays world every brand is has all the features offered by its competitors therefore the USP marketing is becoming passive. Advertising is the main strategy for any business to give product visibility and boosts its sales. Traditional marketing uses Above the line advertising method which uses media as the main source like Newspapers, Magazines, TVs, all kind of mailers and leaflets. Its a drawback since the online marketing is offering a lots of hope to the marketer reaching out to a prospective customer at a faster pace. Internal Marketing is given little or no attention. Market share is taken as customer satisfaction indicator. Commitment to customers is very limited. (http://ezinearticles.com/?Overview-of-Traditional-marketingid=374128 ). Market Segmentation: Examples to evaluate the effective use of relationship marketing: New use of technology as marketing tools: To maximise organizations goals the companies have to adopt latest technologies and developments such as the Internet, Social Networks, Intelligent commercial websites, Media / Advertising using Billboards, Networking and Direct mail etc. (http://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/uploads/E%20J%20Pullicino%20-%20MBA.pdf) Promoting the products through internet is termed as E-Commerce it is a network enabled business for selling products and services on the website. It is a practical medium for realizing the benefits of Relationship marketing. Consumers get greater and easier access to the market because information about competing offers is searchable and marketers are provided with the information they need to do their job more effectively. Email marketing strategy is used to build business through email marketing campaigns and online surveys. Advertising using Billboard is most common in 21st century. The use of signs along roadways to advertise a wide range of products, services etc. The signs used in these roadside advertising campaigns must be over a certain size in order to be referred to as a billboard and must be large enough for a driver or passenger in a vehicle to be able to clearly read the lettering while navigating the vehicle along a road. The effectiveness of these advertisements led to creating an entirely new branch of the advertising industry, as clients demanded newer and more attractive ads that would catch the eye and entice the traveler to stop and spend money. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-billboard-advertising.htm) An integrated social media marketing strategy can help ecommerce site increase brand visibility, improve customer loyalty, and gain important insights about the markets served. (http://www.practicalecommerce.com/articles/961-Ecommerce-Know-How-Social-Media-as-a-Marketing-Tool) Mobility Marketing: Universal mobility programs are marketed through Mobility Marketing. Mobility programs consist of public, private, and human services modal alternatives. Mobility program is a success by implementing developing Techniques, Strategies, and Public Relations tools. Viral Marketing: A strategy that facilitates and encourages individuals to pass along a marketing message is termed as Viral Marketing. It depends on a high pass-along rate from person to person. If a large number of recipients forward something to a large number of friends, the overall growth rises very quickly. If the pass-along numbers get too low, the overall growth quickly falls down. Hotmail is cited as the first example of viral marketing. (http://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/viral_marketing/) Its been referred as word of mouth, creating a buzz. Effortless and instant inexpensive communications to people is done through internet which is working out well in Viral Marketing. Another way to propagate the message is use others websites like placing text, graphics etc basically giving adverts in various websites to pass on the message. (http://www.wilsonweb.com/wmt5/viral-principles.htm) Guerrilla Marketing: Guerilla Marketing is unconventional marketing intended to get maximum results from minimal resources and it is specifically used in small business and entrepreneurs. Marketing is done in an unusual way at public places, street giveaways etc. In order to sell a product or a service, a company must establish a relationship with the customer build trust and support and understand the customers needs, and it must provide a product that delivers the promised benefits. Guerilla Marketing uses several tactics as follows: Providing service which is beyond customer expectations. Aiming efforts to impress the customers. Working hours that matches the customers requirements. Use of extreme specialization skills to market a product. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/guerilla-marketing.html) Importance of Social Networks in Marketing: Social Networking is defined as grouping of individuals into groups like communities to make new friends and connect with old ones. Professionals use social networking to improve their career. In 21st century social networking is mainly done online through websites termed as Social sites. They function as online communities for internet users. Depending on the websites the users share their experiences, hobbies, politics etc thus socializing themselves from home. Another benefit is diversity because the internet gives individuals from all around the world to access the social sites. These sites are designed focusing on the interest of the individual. The websites without a main focus are referred to as traditional social networking sites and have open memberships. At the same time there are hidden dangers associated with these sites like data theft and viruses. These crimes are termed as cyber crimes. Depending on the cyber surrounding proceed with caution online conversations, marke ting etc. There are several Forums and groups such as Friendwise, Friendfinder, Facebook, Orkut, Twitter and many more. (http://www.whatissocialnetworking.com/) Promoting Products and Services using Social Networks: Facebook: Businesses large and small are actively connecting with customers through Facebook which has a number of tools that make it powerful helping them to spread brands by attract potential customers. It also helps business to review ways to make it better. Facebook is the second largest website with more than 321 million people. Ways Facebook can help business: Facebook Pages: Businesses can create their own profiles on Facebook using Pages. These pages help the business to give an identity by publishing companys information, photos, videos etc. When a individual is interested in a certain brand a note is written in those pages. These pages are posted back for all the friends to see thus promoting the product. Individuals are spreading the good word about products they are using making it easier for companies to market their products through word of mouth. People can know instantly about any news that they have to share. Applications: With powerful API developers write software helping to promote business on Facebook. For instance Visa Business Network application which takes information about users and allows them to better network with small business owners. Advertising: Facebook is a free application but gets its revenue through its powerful advertising engine that enables businesses to specify a specific demographic target, see how many people that demographic will hit, and advertise to that demographic. It also has advertising links at the bottom promoting products and services. Polls: Its a boon for marketers looking to get a quick answer about a particular feature theyd like to implement, or just to find out information and opinions. (http://www.insidefacebook.com/2008/07/28/facebook-for-business-what-it-needs-what-it-has/) Twitter: Twitter is one of the fast growing free online platforms that is being used for communication and conversation with over 1 million users and broadcasts over 3 million messages everyday. It can be used as a marketing tool, but the users must do it right by following the Twitter etiquette in order to be effective. (http://marketing.about.com/b/2008/10/07/twitter-a-marketing-tool.htm) Twitter is an application that allows to tweet with individuals. Search queries can be performed and notified if someone is searching for us. Its a great tool that can consistently run on the desktop. With the help of Twitterfeed one can post blog posts directly into ones Twitter account. Ubertwitter is a tool to get blogs on cell phone the users can reply and direct messages. Twitter is used as a media outlet by posting news and updates of the company or products. Ultimately Twitter provides an excellent source of free publicity. Twitter marketing is all about talking to the prospective customers, interacting with them thus providing optimal customer service. Its a fantastic tool giving the brand a voice and identity. It can be made as a best marketing tool by following unique style while twittering.

The Black Cat and The Tell-Tale Heart :: essays research papers

'The Black Cat'; and 'The Tell-Tale Heart' Poe was a literary master with the emotions of his readers. He could make a reader feel anything he wanted to with just a few sentences. Through the stories 'The Black Cat'; and 'The Tell-Tale Heart';, he takes the reader through the emotions of his characters using writing methods that draw the reader in. His use of sentence structure and writing style allows the reader to become intimate with the character. Poe knew how the get a reader deep into the story; he could make them believe as thought they went through the deeds with the character. It is how Poe accomplishes this feat that is very interesting topic. Poe makes his characters more human than human. This allows many readers to become interested simply because they can identify with how the characters feel. Poe uses very basic human emotions like fear, hatred, anxiety and guilt to draw in audience's interests. The main character in The Tell-Tale Heart had an unnatural hatred for a physical characteristic on a friend. He 'thinks it was his eye! yes, it was [that]! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture, a pale blue eye, with a film over it';, his blood ran cold whenever it fell upon him (106). This is something many people can identify with as many have experienced a hatred for a physical characteristic on someone they know. Just as the character did not understand the hatred but just saw this body part, far out of the control of the old man, as something to be vanquished. The simple emotions of fear and hatred put forth to the reader come through clearly Poe's writing technique. In the Black Cat, Poe's mechanism for the reader becoming intimate with the protagonist is the use of an alcohol driven rage. Many readers now and in Poe's

the dead Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Dead†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some say that people never change. They may be right, but no one really knows. What people do know is that every living person has one thing in common, something that will never change. Everyone will die, there’s no way around it. Every â€Å"new† and â€Å"old† generation will succumb to the same ghastly fate. The differences in the â€Å"old† generation and â€Å"new† generation sometimes collide in life. The contrast between generations in James Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead† is similar to the contrast in the generations today. The â€Å"baby boomer† generation is the old fashioned generation preoccupied with hospitality and tradition, where as, â€Å"generation x† is the new generation, preoccupied with knowledge and intellect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"old† generation that James Joyce writes about is a generation of â€Å"humanity, of hospitality, of kindly humour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 127). The qualities of this generation seem to be fading away. The older generation mentions that they no longer know of any singers that were as good as those of the present time. The old generation is to be remembered with â€Å"†¦pride and affection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 127). The memories of the old will never die and will always be cherished. The old generation is good at keeping in touch with their past. They are proud of their heritage, one of which they mention is their good old Irish hospitality. The qualities of the past are qualities of passion and humanity, differing greatly from the qualities of the new generat...

Special Education Essay

To efficaciously speak about the consequence of ID’s in the schoolroom I thought who better to speak to than a instructor that has a schoolroom full of ID pupils. Ms. Tornetta Clark. she is an Intervention Specialist in a SED room for classs 1-4 depending upon age. We began our conversation with what lead her to go an Intervention Specialist? Ms. Clark stated that she had ever wanted to be a teacher even as a kid. so when she went to college she decided to go a instructor she started as an simple instructor and subsequently decided to acquire into particular instruction. As clip went on she learned that she enjoyed these kids even more than the others. it was more sweet. So now that we have broken the ice so to talk can you state me what some of the jobs associated with measuring the kids with ID may be? Tornetta asked me which group of kids would I wish to discourse. the culturally diverse. gender particular. the psychological these are all type of ID kids and different types of appraisals. so where would you like to get down? I thought that it would be best for her to state me about the most hard one and she choose culturally diverse pupils. Ms. Clark states that when covering with the minorities there are extra beds of complexness to see particularly if the kid is of another ethnicity than the individual that is making the appraisal. Ms. Clark besides states that she prefers to make the bulk of her appraisals on her ain merely because she has been making this for a long clip and that she has worked with several different ethnicities. Having worked with the different ethnicities I have the upper manus and a kid can experience when they are understood or when person is pacifying them. In my many old ages of learning I have besides realized that kids can experience when person truly understands them and attentions. In my schoolroom we start the forenoon off by stating good forenoon to everyone by name and so we each can remain one thing that happened last dark or over the weekend or merely something that they may desire to portion each kid gets two proceedingss and we have a timer to guarantee everyone acquire choice clip. This is besides something that works good on their societal accomplishments. Now every bit far as the appraisal on the psychological side most of these trial and appraisals are done in the clinic or with the healer. now there have been an juncture or two where I have sat in and I have even administered the appraisal. However the same jobs still exist these trial demand to be tailored to each kid and they are non they are standard which in my sentiment is pathetic each kid is different so each kid should be tested otherwise. Now I asked about gender specific proving but I have merely ran across that twice in my many old ages of instruction. nevertheless it does be and as pedagogues we need to be able to cover with it and go on to tech and keep our categories. There are or at least it used to be several instructors that were homophobic and thought that school is no topographic point for a child’s sexual penchant to come out or even to be discussed. Now in the schools we see it mundane boys keeping custodies with other male childs and misss making the same so therefore it has to be addressed. it can non be slid under the rug any longer. This is something that as pedagogues we besides need to be able to cover with particularly in our SED categories. these child need more unfastened treatments so that they do experience that they are being included. Our kids have a inclination to acquire picked on and so they end up feeling as if no 1 understands them and they begin to contemplate self-destruction. as pedagogues it is our occupation to make our best to discourage those types of feelings and to promote a kid to be true to who they think they are and to non judge others for being different. We attempted to acquire back to the interview with on last inquiry and that was. what are the features of the teacher’s pupils with ID that consequence in eligibility for particular instruction? Ms. Clark informed that the bulk of the pupils that go through some kind of proving do non acquire into a particular instruction plan. However there are grounds for that in some instances it is because the parents do non force and maintain up with the assignments every bit good as follow through with what they need to make every bit far as information that may be needed to acquire a kid into a plan and doctors’ assignments. the letter’s from the doctor’s. There are all kinds of grounds and so there are specific plans that some parents would wish to see their kid in. but there is a waiting list or there is another plan that is comparable but the parent is loath. Besides some parent’s may non desire their kid labeled as a particular instruction pupil so they are in denial. And last but non lest so there are the vicinity schools that are full and there are no exclusions to be made so that the kid can remain with their siblings. this besides goes into the transit kingdom of the jobs as good. some territories offer transit to kids but if there are siblings they can non have transit so parents do non desire their kids separated and that is undrstandbale in most instances. Clark tells me that she feels that if one kid attends the school in the particular instruction plan so the siblings should go to that school every bit good and they should have transit as good. This would likely maintain down some of the confusion on the coachs anyhow. particularly if there is an older sibling that can watch out for the younger 1s. This is how we were raised the oldest ever looked out for the younger 1s and made certain that everyone was home safe when ma and pa got in from work. I think that we need to acquire back to the slogan that it takes a small town to raise a kid and if we did so the school system and the communities would be a better topographic point. After speaking with Ms. Clark I thought about how I raised my kids and she was right when she said that it takes a small town to raise a kid. I was a individual parent for several old ages and I had six kids two were in the particular instruction plan at the vicinity school. I took them to school and my female parent picked them up from school. The neighbour watched them as they would come in the house and have snack a start their prep until I got place from work. I did the same for her on the weekends when she worked and she besides had a kid that was particular demands and we made it work if the school called and I was unable to travel she would travel and frailty versa. The point is that as parents and pedagogues we need to work together to allow our young person know that they are loved and that they are traveling to be taken attention of non merely in the schools but at place every bit good. Mentions Clark. Tornetta: Intervention Specialist. 2013 Personal conversation. June 20.

Management History Essay

Managers can look at past managerial methods in order to make decisions that will best suit themselves and help their organisations, as well as giving their organisation a competitive advantage (Boddy D. , 2005). In this essay I will be arguing against the proposition that knowledge of management history is irrelevant to modern practice. To show that management history is important for modern managers, I am going to discuss and focus on a number of historical management techniques and theories and how they can be useful. I will talk about how these management techniques and theories are relevant with modern management. The first approach I will look at is the classical approach. Too elaborate on this theory I will split it in to two areas; the scientific management theory and the administrative principals. Firstly I will discuss the scientific approach; where I will talk about Frederick Winslow Taylor and his theory on the importance of workers being trained and the importance of the selection process (Bartol & Martin, 1994). The next branch is the administrative approach involving theorist Henri Fayol and how his theories have been well respected and become a big part of modern management today. To finish off my argument I will be talking about the behavioural side of management by relating to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Through looking into these methods I hope to give the reader a good understanding as to why I believe historical management has had a big impact on modern management today and will continue to do so in the future. The first discussion will be based around the classical approach, an approach to management that is seen as a way of managers making decisions based around economic concern. There are three main areas within the classical approach, these being scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organisation. However, throughout my argument I will be focusing only on two of these approaches, thus being the scientific approach and the administrative principals. The two main theorists who are heavily involved in these consist of Frederick Winslow Taylor, whom was the founder of scientific management and Henri Fayol whom has had a big influence on the administrative principals. I will also mention Mary Parker Follet whom has also had a big impact on the administrative principals. (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). I have chosen to focus only on these two areas of classical management as they are well related to my argument that historical management is relevant to modern management. The  first approach I will be discussing is the classical approach, where we will first be talking about scientific management. The man behind the scientific management theory is known as Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor’s main contributions to management thought and practice ha ve come through his idea of the scientific management theory and approach. In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, ‘the principles of scientific management.’ These principles described how applying the scientific method to the management of workers could greatly improve productivity through the analysis and synthesis of workflows. It is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, improving work productivity (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). To back my argument that management history is important for modern managers we see Henry Ford come into the picture. The ideas of Taylor were continued through well-known car manufacturer Henry Ford who went on to replace his workers with machinery, generally when it came to doing things such as heavy lifting (Daft, 2005). Scientific management has four guiding action principles, these being; to develop a ‘science’ for every job that includes rules of motion, standardize work processes and appropriate working conditions. Also to carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job, to carefully train them and give them proper incentives to cooperate with the job ‘science’ (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). Frank Gilbreth whom worked as a bricklayer put Taylors ideas into place and created a method that allowed the number of movements to lay a brick reduce from 18 to 2 therefore going on to increase the rate from 120-350 bricks (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006). Taylors work is still being used in modern day and his concepts are well thought of, his ideas are clearly seen at the roots of management today. Scientific management has proven to be a very beneficial way for companies to develop and improve their approach towards business (Helms & Cengage, 2 006). The next part of the classical approach I will be talking about is the administrative principals. The administrative principal’s approach to management came about from a man named Henri Fayol. Most management textbooks published today acknowledge Fayol to be the father of the administrative theory (Daft, 2005). Fayol was a French mining engineer, whom gradually worked his way up the ranks until he was manager of up to 10000 employees for over 30 years. The administrative principles  involved issues such as departmentalization, span of control, exceptions to routine, and hierarchy. An example of the administrative principals being used in modern management can be seen through major fast food franchise McDonalds. The efficient production of their fast food is crucial towards customer satisfaction and organisation success therefore Fayol’s principles come in use for this systematic type of organisational structure. Here we see another part of historical management being used in a very successful franchise within the modern era. Mary Parker Follet was also a contributor to administrative principles. Follet believed that growth and success would come from the direct interaction between members of the organisational groups achieving common goals and objectives. She also displayed a general understanding of groups and showed commitment to human co-operation, creating ideas that are still relevant today (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). The next part of my argument belongs to that of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow has identified 5 important needs that individuals should aim to require in order to positively influence their contribution within the workplace. Maslow’s theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the essential needs, and the upper levels representing the need for self-actualization. The first need starts from the bottom of the table, this being psychological. Psychological needs are our basic needs, needs such as food and water. Safety needs are next, expressing an emphasis on the need for security and protection. Self-belongingness is the next need and falls under the category of social needs and feeling as though you are a part of something, a community, or group of some type. This is then followed by self-esteem needs which will mean you are given respect and recognition for your work, leaves the employee with a sense of competency. The last need of all and the highest need in Maslow’s theory is self-actualisation. This need looks at employees achieving self-fulfilments and goals, on the completion of certain tasks employees allow themselves to grow in confidence by using their abilities to their full extent (Davidson, Griffin, Simon, & Woods, 2009). Maslow believes that the only reason that people would not move well in direction of self-actualization is because of hindrances placed in their way. These days we are beginning to see Maslow’s theory in many businesses as a way of motivating employees. Managers are using Maslow’s  theory within the work place to help give their employees motivation and something to work towards and achieve, it is a tool managers use to help point employees in the right direction (Davidson, Griffin, Simon, & Woods, 2009). A prime example of this is volunteers working for non for profit organisations. With the fact that there is no money involved in volunteer works it is important for these volunteers to have the Maslow’s theory approach merged into their business setting as well as a part of their work ethic. This is vital in order to feel as though they are reaping rewards from the hard work they are putting in, as in volunteer work, money is non-existent. Managers also now tend to change and mix up the way they are motivating employees by giving different rewards and motivation stimuli in order to keep volunteers and employees happy to stay with the organisation (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006). As I have stated, it is clear too see that the two types of classical approaches discussed both have an impact on modern management. With Frederick Winslow Taylor and his theory of scientific management we can see that an important aspect is to obtain maximum wealth for both the employee and the employer. The example of Frank Gilbreth and his techniques used with bricklaying help us understand that positive outcomes come from Taylors theory and we are able too see that his theory has not gone un noticed and is infact a part of modern management. The same goes with the next part to classical management, this being the administrative principals. We again see administrative principles being applied to modern management. Our example based around this theory being major fast food franchise McDonalds. ‘The efficient production of their fast food is crucial towards customer satisfaction and organisation success.’ McDonalds is one of the largest franchises in the world today and will continue to be for years to come, and it is worthy proof showing the administrative principals involvement within such a successful franchise within modern management. The last theory I discussed was that thought by Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs. This theory is a vital part of one’s mind and can help achieve a certain degree of self-belief within an employee as well as a manager or employer. It is a useful tool for managers to keep employees motivated and feel as though they are achieving. Throughout this essay I believe I have been able to support my argument as to why I believe that historical management is relevant to modern management. References Bartol, K. M., & Martin, D. C. (1994). Management. Michigan: McGraw-Hill series in management. Blake, A, M. (2010) One hundred years after The principles of Scientific Management. One Hundred Years after The Principles of Scientific Management, 1-9 Boddy, D. (2005). Management an introduction 3rd edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Daft, R, S. (2005). Management second pacific rim edition. Florida: Dryden press. Davidson, P., Griffin, R. W., Simon, A., & Woods, P. (2009). Management 4th Australasian Edition. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Hatch, M. J., & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006). Organization Theory. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Helms, M. M., & Cengage, G. (2006). Chain of Command Principle Retrieved 22 August, 2011, from http://www.enotes.com/management-encyclopedia/chain-command-principle Schermerhorn, J. R., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Simon, A., Woods, P., & Chau, S. L. (2011). Management (4th Asia-Pacific ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley and Sons.

Anthro: Human Studying Essay

1. How do physical anthropologists use the scientific method? Give an example. 2. Create an appropriate question, hypothesis and test for the following observation: The right scapula (shoulder blade) tends to be larger than the left in humans. 3. Explain the difference between a theory and a hypothesis. Please provide an example for each. 4. Describe the major subfields in anthropology? Describe each in terms of what they study. 5. Compare and contrast Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Lamarck’s theory of acquired characteristics. How are they similar and dissimilar? 6. Many people argue that evolution is â€Å"just a theory†. Define theory and then describe how evolution does or does not fit the definition. 7. How is natural selection related to environmental factors? How can selective pressures change? Give an example (HINT- think of the peppered moths) 8. How do RNA and DNA differ in structure and function (purpose)? 9. Describe the structure of the DNA molecule in as much detail as possible. 10. Describe the nucleus and ribosomes as they relate directly to the process of protein synthesis (HINT- you’ll need to briefly explain protein synthesis to fully answer this question). 11. Explain why it is important that the end result of meiosis is different than the end result for mitosis. 12. It is true that all organisms (humans, animals, etc) have the same structure of their DNA as humans. Please explain then why we all don’t look the same, if we all have the same A, T, C and G’s in our body. 13. Discuss some possible medical outcomes of the human genome project. 14. Explain Mendel’s Principle of segregation. 15. Explain how two parents who do NOT express a particular trait in their phenotype can nevertheless produce children who express the trait. Please give a specific example where this could occur. 16. Describe how the trait Sickle Cell Anemia demonstrates DNA mutation, inheritance principles, and the stages of evolution. The stages of evolution can be remembered using this saying: Genes Mutate, Individuals are Selected, Populations Evolve. In your answer, please describe what initially caused Sickle Cell Anemia (NOT what it does in your body†¦but what originally brought it on- HINT- THINK DNA), how one can inherit it, and why we can’t get rid of the S allele. 17. Explain how founder’s effect can lead to a descendant population that differs greatly from its parent population over a relatively short period of time. 18. Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not? 19. Discuss how adaptations to local environments have likely influences the evolution of skin color in different geographic regions of the world. 20. What is the difference between Allen and Bergmann’s rules? 21. What is the difference between an acclimatization and an adaptation? In your answer, please give an example for each. 22. How is lactose intolerance a good example of an adaptation? In your answer, please explain what lactose intolerance is, and why we see it only in certain population

Greek Mythology Essay

Expository Essay Greek mythology started over 2000 years ago and it is still influencing our world of today. Traveling the world or just being more conscious of the area that you live in you will be seeing many names or things and guess what, many of those came from Greek mythology. For example, Olympic games or many movies like â€Å"Wrath of the Titans† or games like † god of war† derive from Greek mythology. Those and many others explain how Greek mythology continues to play role in our world of today.The articles, â€Å"You already know Greek myths Greek and Roman mythology in daily life† by N. S Gill, â€Å"Genesis of Greek mythology and Greek gods† by Rachel Ann, and â€Å"Greek influences today† explain how Greek mythology plays a role in the world we live in today. Many things are related to Greek mythology. According to the article â€Å"You already know Greek myths Greek and Roman mythology in daily life† N. S Gill states that, †000 figures behind the name of your car like Saturn or mercury, or names of planets were Greek gods names†.He also included that Space missions and one very famous â€Å"Apollo† is named for the god of music and prophecy. The author states† petroleum company whose logo is the winged horse Pegasus†, and â€Å"A moving company is named for the Titan†, and there are much more companies whose logo or names come from Greek mythology. Some plants or expressions or similes are related with Greek mythology for example the author claimed â€Å"The Narcissus flower was originally a vain young man†. It may not make a difference to quality of life but knowing the real origin of things and names that are around you will give you insight into our cultural heritage and understanding† N. S Gill claimed. The earliest Greek mythology gave a life style for many people who desire to grasp the universe began. According to the article â€Å"Genesis of Greek mythology and Greek gods† Rachel Ann states that â€Å"Early Greeks had faith that gods ruled the earth, so they built statues and cities that are named after gods and some of them remain to the day of today†.There are many good stories about Greek mythology and some of them are true, there were stories about Olympic games or how zodiac signs works and there are real Olympic games and we do use the zodiac signs now days as the Rachel Ann claims so in her article. The Greeks also have influence on our world of today in a major and simple things. According to the article â€Å"Greek influences today†, the author claims that â€Å"Greeks had a lot of educational and social influence on us†.The author also explains that, Greeks created the first idea of democracy and they were first monarchy, but with time there has been invented new, better way of ruling, it was a direct democracy. It has been improved in these days for representative democracy of cours e. The author states â€Å"They were first civilization to use alphabet and our alphabet partly originate from it†. At time when part of Egypt was part of Greek empire. The author included facts like that, the general ordered to build first in the world library with scrolls of knowledge and also in Egypt the first huge lighthouse was built.Additionally the ancient Greeks excelled in mathematics and science, they calculated and theorized many things like earth is revolved around sun or how stars move or developed Pythagorean Theorem. We also use Greek architecture now days, those huge pillars and Greek flowers styles on a buildings. Greeks and their mythology have good influence on our world of today, our society and education is developed thanks to them. It is good to know where some things first started and to know even a bit of Greek mythology makes life more interesting as it makes it more cultural.

The Legality of Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Legality of Risk Management - Research Paper Example rbide for two years jail term for a crime which resulted in the killing of more than 15000 people (Bhopal gas tragedy: Accused awarded only 2 yrs in jail, get bail, 2010). Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial catastrophe in which the toxic gases leaked out of the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal in 1984. Methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other toxic gases liberated from the plant affected around 500000 people staying nearby. Another controversial aspect of this accident is the fact that even after 25 years of gas leak accident, still tons of chemicals left abandoned at the accident sight which is contaminating the groundwater in this region. The above accident is one of the better examples in which how injudicious industrialization may harm the interests of the public. Moreover, this accident teaches us how carelessly the big companies handling the industrial equipments which can cause severe damages to the human life. The importance of human life is nothing for such greedy industrialists and even after killing many people, these industrialists were able to escape from the severe punishments. This paper briefly analyses the Bhopal g as tragedy case and provide recommendations to avoid such tragedies in future. The Bhopal gas tragedy happened purely because of the human errors and handling of risky equipments with carelessness. The Union Carbide report after the accident indicates that purely technical negligence and personal negligence caused this tragedy. A stainless steel tank emplaced in concrete contained probably 45 tons of liquid Methyl isocyanate (MIC). The Union Carbide Manual calls MIC (CH3N = C = O) "an extremely hazardous chemical.. by all means of contact" and regards it "as an oral and contact poison" even though it is not classified among poisons. It is also "extremely flammable." Most probably, water got into the tank through a pipe. The MIC, which reacts violently with water, turned into an explosive gas vapor that blew out the