Essay on Lung Cancer - 839 Words

Smoking is the most preventable cause of death in our society. During 1995, approximately 2.1 million people in developed countries died as a result of smoking. One tobacco use is responsible for nearly one in five deaths in the United States. Lung Cancer mortality are about 23 times higher for current male smokers and 13 times higher for current female smokers compared to a lifelong never-smoker. In addition to being responsible for 87% of lung cancers, smoking is also associated with cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney, and bladder. Smoking accounts for at least 29% of all cancer deaths, is a major cause of heart disease, and is associated with conditions ranging from colds and gastric†¦show more content†¦It also causes respiratory problems in nonsmokers such as, coughing, phlegm, chest discomfort, and reduced lung function. Each year, exposure to secondhand smoke causes 150,000 to 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in U.S. infants and children younger then 18 Page 2 months of age. These infections result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations every year. Children exposed to secondhand smoke at home are more likely to have middle-ear disease and reduced lung function. Secondhand smoke increases the number of asthma attacks and the severity of asthma in about 20% of this country’s two to five million asthmatic children. The number of people who die or suffer illness because of its use, best measure tobacco costs to our society. Tobacco use also drains the US economy of more than $100 billion in health care costs and lost productivity. Tobacco costs Medicare more than $10 billion and Medicaid more than $5 billion per year. Lost economic productivity causes by smoking costs the US economy $47.2 billion in 1990. The total economic costs of smoking are more than $100 billion per year. People, who quit, regardless of age, live longer than people who continue to smoke. Smokers who quit before the age of 50 have half the risk of dying in the next 15 years compared with those who continue to smoke. Quitting smoking substantially decreases the risk of lung laryngeal, esophageal, oral, pancreatic, bladder, and cervicalShow MoreRelatedLung Cancers And Its Effects1288 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into threeRead MoreLung Cancer1304 Words   |  6 Pages LUNG CANCER Mohamed Almasmary Bio240 Anatomy Physiology 1 4/13/14 Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series of mutations, and begin to divide out of control. Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancerRead MoreLung Cancer1571 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, according to the World Health Organisation. In the UK, it s the second most-frequently occurring cancer among men (after prostate cancer), accounting for 1 in 7 new cases, and the third most-frequently diagnosed cancer in women (after breast and bowel cancer) accounting for about 1 in 9 new cases. However, numbers have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone. Dr Patrisha Macnair last medically reviewedRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genetics of Lung Cancer Catherine Hayworth BIO 355A/357A June 14, 2012 Colorado Christian University Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers andRead MoreLung Cancer930 Words   |  4 PagesLung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, its deadly claws stretched over all continents in the world. However, lung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass; many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer. Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump or a tumor which can either be malignant or benign. Smoking and unhealthy diets are all causesRead MoreHealth Care For Lung Cancer1224 Words   |  5 Pages2012 there was in increase in lung cancer deaths by 3.5%, this percent is still rising in women while it’s stable in men (CDC, 2014). Nowadays, about 402,324 Americans have lung cancer. In 2014, the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases are 224,210, they represent 13% of all cancer diagnosis (ACS, 2014). Lung cancer affects old people and always they diagnosed in the last five years of their life. Around 80% of people who live with lung cancer their ages more than 60 years (USNIH, 2011). In KentuckyRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancer known throughout the world. The most common suspect of that is smoking, then what happens to the people who inhales the smokers’ smoke? Are they also at risk for developing lung cancer from being a victim? The answer to that right now is that secondhand smoke alone is just a risk factor, there are no evidence right now that currently show that secondhand smoke alone can cause lung cancer by itself. This means that we need to encourage studies that areRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer1612 Words   |  7 PagesIn addition, since emphysema is said to be one of the causes of lung cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non-smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk o f lung cancer extends to offspring. There may be people who think smoking cessationRead MoreEssay about Lung Cancer1455 Words   |  6 PagesCancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900’s. By the middle of the 20th century an epidemic became apparent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. It is primarily correlated with the widespread abundance of cigarette smoking in the world. The tobacco industry has multiplied its production immediately prior to World War I. There was a typical 20 to 30 year lagging period between the initiation of cigarette smoking and the actual tumor formation in the lungs. Lung

Changes and continuities of Roman empire - 1432 Words

Between 500 BCE and 500 CE, the Roman civilization experienced changes both politically and culturally. Firstly, Rome’s government transitioned from a Republic to an Empire. Later, that empire was split into two parts; east and west. In terms of changes in culture, it was impacted by the shift in religion, as the Romans shifted from polytheism to monotheism. Despite all the changes, Rome still remained culturally diverse. The Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E. The Etruscans had ruled over the Romans for hundreds of years. Once free, the Romans established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. The highest positions in the government were held by two consuls who†¦show more content†¦It was this refusal that caused its practice to be illegal and those who chose to stick with the faith were prosecuted. Although people were being killed for practicing, Christianity started to become even more popular. After se eing Christian martyrs risk their lives for the sake of Christianity, many Romans were compelled and attracted to the faith. Also, there were Apostles who traveled around the empire spreading the message of Christianity. Then in 312 CE, Emperor Constantine proposed the Edict of Milan that banned all laws against Christianity. That allowed people to freely worship, without the fear of harsh punishment. He eventually converted on his deathbed. Then in 392 CE, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome. Christianity went from being an illegal religion to the official religion of the Roman Empire. At the height of its power, Rome controlled the greatest empire ever seen in Europe at that time. Many of the conquered nations benefited from Rome. Roman public baths, roads, water supplies, all appeared in Western Europe. The sheer size of the empire was a major reason for the collapse of Rome. In AD 284, the Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in two parts to make it easier to rule. He created the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire, each with its own leader. Diocletian faced more than just administrative problems. More andShow MoreRelatedTiberius- Roman Empire1507 Words   |  7 Pagescontributions to the Roman Empire during his reign†¦ The Julio-Claudian dynasty refers to the first five  Roman Emperors:  Augustus, Tiberius,  Caligula  (also known as Gaius),  Claudius, and  Nero and the family to which they belonged. They ruled the  Roman Empire  from its formation, in the second half of the 1st century 27 BC, until AD 68, when the last of the line,  Nero, committed suicide. The ancient historical writers,  Suetonius  and  Tacitus, write from the point of view of the Roman senatorial aristocracyRead MoreContinuity and Change over Time Essay: Rome from 100 CE to 600 CE Continuity and Change over Time Essay: India from 300 CE to 600 CE 1014 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Continuity and Change over Time E ssay: India from 300 CE to 600 CE Things that stayed the same in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the Gupta rule, the caste system, Hinduism, scientific advances, and trade. Things that changed during this period were the fall in popularity of Buddhism, the decline in Silk Road trade, and the fall of the Gupta. Things that stayed the same in India from 300 CE to 600 CE were the Gupta rule, the social structure, the most popular religion, and the wealth generatedRead MoreAs a religious/philosophical system, Christianity is one of the most prominent on Earth today. From700 Words   |  3 Pagestoday. From 30A.D. to 1000A.D., Christianity had undergone some of its most vigorous changes while maintaining its core qualities through the Apostolic/Ante-Nicene Period, the First Seven Ecumenical Councils, and the Middle Ages. During Christianity’s beginning in the Apostolic/Ante-Nicene Period, the most obvious changes took place while it also maintained some aspects of its Jewish heritage. Of course the first change away from Christianity’s Jewish past was the converting of Jesus’s followers to theRead MoreThe Change to Trade Routes Over Time926 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity, Buddhism and an upstart known as Islam. Although Christianity and Buddhism were well established by this time, the growth of Islam was a catalyst to many of the changes about to occur, such as new trade partners. Christianity and Buddhism were continuities, whereas a new religion called Islam was an example of change. In 622 C.E., Islam was founded which helped flourish trade. The founding of Islam amplified trade because Islam linked Swahili city-states to the larger Indian Ocean whichRead MoreCCOT 1 -Economic Activity Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿CCOT Eurasia developed an integrated network of economic activity by the year 1200 C.E.. Between 1000 BCE and 1200 CE, it expanded greatly. The principle relied heavily on changes in trade networks, governmental alliances, religion and the continuity of warfare and social hierarchies. Trade networks are crucial to any economic scenario. They allow for the free flow of goods and services to be carried out over wide expanses of land and both within and throughout cultures. Examples of this are mostRead MoreSilk Road1687 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurred along the Silk Road from 200 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E., one can conclude that changes and continuities in these interactions included products traded (changes in specific products and impact, continuity in luxury goods), cultural expressions and diffusion (changes in artistic expressions and societal impacts, continuity in diffusion), and religion (changes in the religions that traveled and impact, continuity in spread of religion along the trade route ). One of the patterns of interactionRead MoreRoman Ethnography : Bias Of The Roman Empire1014 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Ethnography: Bias of the Roman Empire The Roman ethnographies, interpretations of outside cultures, on the tribes people they encountered during the Empire’s expansion reveal more about unique Roman characteristics than the characteristics of the barbarian tribes. The Roman Empire was vast, densely populated, and militarily, politically and socially sophisticated. This structure created shared customs, religious beliefs, orders, values, and goals for all Roman citizens. During theRead MoreCcot Europe 600-1750 Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesContinuity Change Over Time (CCOT) Essay Europe 600-1750 Taylor Question: analyze the social and economic continuities and changes that occurred in Europe between 600 and 1750. During the time period between 600 and 1750, economic and social continuities and changes impacted Western Europe immensely. One particular economic alteration was the decline of feudal manoralism, prevalent in the early medieval era, as a result of the restoration of commerce following the Crusades. AnotherRead MoreThe Public Life of Monuments1300 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent eras of the Roman empire,† Evolution of commemoration over time, relationship between Romans and their monuments. Explore the effects of monuments on public memory and visitor perception. Explore how a collection was â€Å"lived and experienced† †¢ Main Questions: â€Å"How did the collection of images and inscriptions shape public memory (and forgetting)? How did visitors perceive it? How did they appropriate it, and to what historical conclusions, what understanding of the Roman empire, might its viewersRead MoreThe Postclassical Period2238 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ CCOT 2012 Changes and continuities from the classical to the post-classical cover a wide range of political, cultural, religious and economic shifts as populations grew and societies became more complex. The classical empires of Rome, Han China, Gupta India and Archaemenid Persia fell due to external and internal forces and were replaced by the larger empires of the post classical Byzantine; Tsui, Tang and Song in China and the Caliphates in Persia. Only India

Social Science & Medicine

Question: Discuss about the Social Science Medicine. Answer: I do most agree with Administrator B, according to nursing code of ethics, nurses are expected to give quality care for all the people equally without discrimination, nurses ought to respect others and be kind to them however how much they have gone astray. People tend to make choices, which turn out to be negative and we cant turn away them or victimise them for these decisions, we must show compassion and love and offer assistance to them.. Care accorded, should be respected and treated with dignity in order to be impartial and honest in provided care. People view health care as source of saviour whenever encountered with disease or any ailment regarding their health behaviour. We need to treat them with love and change their behaviour in a brotherly manner that brings harmony and building on public trust and confidence. Health care resources in health care should be distributed as per the need, and needs to be equitably shared. When justice is applied in sharing health care resources the happiness of the greater public is secured. Resource allocation should be based on preventive medicine then curative medicine, ( Angelis , Kanavos Montibeller , 2016), however the immediate problem right now is curative approach to health care medicine, a tight balancing act should be observed, as the health f the future is as critical as the current health status of the people, (Lan, Sarkies, Martin Haines, 2016). Health care needs to be sustainable and economical; the only way of being economical is by preventive further occurrences of diseases and treat the current ones. Health services should be rationed as the problem of health fiscal ability is still at large. Currently the worlds population is currently growing steadily, and meeting the needs of these population has proven up task for health planners and professionals. When resources are limited, health services thus will be ration to meet the demands of the other citizens. Rationing should be made based on based on priority of health care needs of the people. An important aspect in rationing is involving all the stakeholders, including the marginalised group where an all inclusive framework is used as a guide on this process, ( McKie, Singer Richardson, 2016). References Lane, H., Sarkies, M., Martin, J., Haines, T. (2016). Equity in healthcare resource allocation decision making: A systematic review. Social Science Medicine. Angelis, A., Kanavos, P., Montibeller, G. (2016). Resource Allocation and Priority Setting in Health Care: A Multi?criteria Decision Analysis Problem of Value?. Global Policy. McKie, J., Singer, P., Richardson, J. (2016). The allocation of health care resources: an ethical evaluation of the'QALY'approach. Routledge.

Projected Progression of Prevalence of Obesity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Projected Progression of Prevalence of Obesity. Answer: Introduction: There are numerous amount of study has been done to find out the relation between the obesity and socio-economic status in different parts of the world and few of them are mentioned below. The World Bank is funding numerous amount of researches that has found facts that can help to find out the relation between economic status and obesity. However, those researches has several research gaps, related to the methodology, selection of participants and method of evaluation, data collection and analysis that decreases the effectiveness of the project. According to Dinsa et al. (2012), they studies the obesity pattern in low income and middle-income nations and tried to find out the SES and its effect on obesity. The study uses different SES indicators to relate the SES to obesity; first SES indicator was wealth and income and second was educational status. Hence, the outcome depicted different patterns for both these things and resulted in a confusing outcome, where wealth SES is related to obesity but the educational level is not. This was the first research gap of this literature, as the SES level is directly related to obesity. In another study done by Gibbs and Forste (2014), researchers were to find out the reason of obesity in the children belonging to low SES society. They carried out surveys in those areas, where the children were growing up and were getting affected to obesity. The team of the researchers find out that the both indications of SES that is wealth and income and educational level is responsible for the obesity in children. From infancy, the children are not breast fed, as the economic status of the mother was not very good to be able to consume nutritional product. Hence, the children lack the advantages of breast-feeding and developed obesity in them. However, the research lacks a proper method to assess the perfect result for the study, such as a proper data collection method or data interpretation method (Hillier-Brown et al., 2014). Further, in a study the researchers looked for BMI differences across the state irrespective of race, gender, creed, ethnicity, age and socio-economic status in the United States of America (Grabner, 2012). The researchers analyzes micro-level of data and collected them from the three reputed data centers of the states. They analyzes the data of socio-economic status, both based on wealth and based on educational level. They estimated the BMI time trends, increase and decrease trends, distributional shifts and incremental associations with SES. The results they acquired indicated that women has higher rate of SES-BMI effect on their obesity than men do. Hence, they identified the relation of obesity and higher or lower SES level. however, the research gap was still persisting in such researches as the researchers were not focusing on the fact that affected population is aware of obesity and the reason of it or not. Therefore, this research also lacked the information about the reason of obesity. All these research articles were focused to find out the relation between socio-economic status and obesity and were destined to find out what are the SES indicators that determine this trend. This leads to research gap in their project. The prime aim of this research proposal is to find out the proposed research question within the proposed budget and timeframe. This research will focus on the assessed research gaps present in the abovementioned research articles and will try to comply with the proposed research questions. Further, the methodology will be population-based study where the common Australians will participate in the assessment process. Data collection and analysis will be simple and effective and from the finding, it will be easier to interpret the research questions. Research plan and methodology (Including ethical consideration) The research aim in this case has been decided from the commencement of the project. The prime aim is to determine the relation between SES and obesity, reason of obesity if the younger generation is aware of the adverse effects of inactivity and unhealthy lifestyle. These research aims need specific objectives to find out the reason behind the level of SES affecting the Australian youth (Kasahara et al., 2014). The research strategy is to target the younger generation as obesity is affecting their capabilities to perform and make changes in the benefit of Australia. A specific location will be chosen or an online survey will be conducted to implement the research strategy and then intervention, coming out of the survey will be applied to connect to the youth as obesity make people shy, stressed and alone. Therefore, such youth will be pushed to come out and speak about their problem and the reason of their condition (Steyerberg et al., 2013). This will let those common people understand that obesity is curable and can be cured completely. After that, those young participants will be made to fill a questionnaire consisting of questions that can clear their level of inactivity and unhealthy lifestyle. These questionnaires will be distributed to a large section of young people of every community to understand the SES level of that community. This research will continue for 6 months and will co ver the entire community. Resources are also important factor to take the research to a number of people so that they understand the severity of the problem and take part in the process to overcome it. In this case, the resources chosen are social medial and mass media to explain the population about the severity of the disorder. Further, those campaigns in social and mass media will appeal the population in that research area to take part in the research intervention. Other resources will be research camps around the research city or in municipal corporation offices to carry out surveys and interviews (Punch, 2013). A quantitative method has been chosen to find out the proposed research questions, for the proposed research proposal. Quantitative methodology find out the results using interventions in which quantity determines the success or failure of it (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2013). The quantitative method that has been chosen for the research is a population based approach including surveys and questionnaire to talk to as much as survivor to find out a concise data. The surveys of this process will consist 10 to 15 closed ended questions that the participants will be answering. Their answer will be with minimum bias and truthful, as they will not be informed about the process. Data Collection This intervention will continue for 5 months. The first month of the research will be completely dedicated to advertisements, recruitment and publicity of the research as the research needed as many people to come out from different SES level and take part in the process. After wards, the five month after the planning phase will be dedicated to implementation and intervention for the research project. A health expert to understand their knowledge about obesity and its effect on health will interview the participants coming out of their house and speaking about the health problem. the data collection will be done by recruiting people for collecting data. The expert will also try to figure out the reason for the participants inactiveness in daily life. After the patient fills the survey form, the data will be collected and will be stored according to the locality. the question will be based on participants lifestyle, their food and diet habit, activities and their knowledge about health and wellbeing. The collected data will be assessed depending on the location from which they have been collected. Further, the data will be arranged according to their location at first. Then the response to each closed ended question will be collected simultaneously to understand the average response to that question. This same procedure will be followed for the entire survey set so that the average trend for that research question can be obtained. Ethical consideration Researchers differ widely on ethical issue during research procedure. The difference is about the dos and donts of research study and hence, ethical consideration become important in case of research proposals. Ethics apply at each step of the research study such as taking consent, applying methods that does not harm any individual. The prime reason to uphold the research ethics while continuing with some research is just because of Goodwill and Trust (Ritchie et al., 2013). Goodwill of the individual participants, who contribute in the research procedure and volunteer to find out the research question with their own behavior, attitude, awareness and support. Trust is also a factor that let researchers explain the entire research to the participants so that they can participate freely in the research. Hence, these ethical values need to be present in both the stakeholders of a successful research (Harriss Atkinson, 2013). In this research proposal as well, ethical consideration has been prioritized as the participants deserves every right to know what they will go through and what process the researchers will be following to get their answers. The researchers will take of different ethical considerations such as- consent, privacy and confidentiality, deception, protection from harm, data protection, affiliation and conflicts of interest. These ethical sections will help to complete an independent and concise research; consequences of violating research will lead to punishments from the government and the research license will be ceased (Lehnert, Park Singh, 2015). The first priority of this research will be asking about the consent from the participants, as it is the most important step before any population based research project. After that, the researchers will undertake a training session of the participants so that they understand about the research procedure and methodology. To carry out an unbiased and effective survey, experienced healthcare professionals will be hired. Therefore, this will be the ethical consideration for the proposed research article. References Au, N., Hauck, K., Hollingsworth, B. (2013). The relationship between smoking, quitting smoking and obesity in Australia: a seemingly unrelated probit approach.Applied Economics,45(16), 2191-2199. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017).Overview.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/behaviours-risk-factors/overweight-obesity/overview Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013).Research methods in education. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=mLh0Oza3V1ICoi=fndpg=PR3dq=research+methodology+and+its+significanceots=SOBTFmxbsqsig=vfuf0uvCRwtBepFAW__3FQWN5es#v=onepageq=research%20methodology%20and%20its%20significancef=false Dinsa, G. D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E., Suhrcke, M. (2012). Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review.Obesity reviews,13(11), 1067-1079. Gibbs, B. G., Forste, R. (2014). Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity.Pediatric obesity,9(2), 135-146. Grabner, M. (2012). BMI trends, socioeconomic status, and the choice of dataset.Obesity facts,5(1), 112-126. Harriss, D. J., Atkinson, G. (2013). Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update.International Journal of Sports Medicine,34(12), 1025-1028. Hillier-Brown, F. C., Bambra, C. L., Cairns, J. M., Kasim, A., Moore, H. J., Summerbell, C. D. (2014). A systematic review of the effectiveness of individual, community and societal level interventions at reducing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity amongst children.BMC public health,14(1), 834. Karnik, S., Kanekar, A. (2012). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis.International journal of preventive medicine,3(1), 1. Kasahara, N., Nakamura, I., Machida, H., Nakamura, H. (2014). Research plan on failure modes by extreme loadings under design extension conditions.ASME, PVP PVP2014-28349. Lehnert, K., Park, Y. H., Singh, N. (2015). Research note and review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: Boundary conditions and extensions.Journal of Business Ethics,129(1), 195-219. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Steyerberg, E. W., Moons, K. G., van der Windt, D. A., Hayden, J. A., Perel, P., Schroter, S., ... PROGRESS Group. (2013). Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 3: prognostic model research.PLoS medicine,10(2), e1001381. Walls, H. L., Magliano, D. J., Stevenson, C. E., Backholer, K., Mannan, H. R., Shaw, J. E., Peeters, A. (2012). Projected progression of the prevalence of obesity in Australia.Obesity,20(4), 872-878.